Photobiomodulation of mineralisation in mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and photobiomodulation (PBM) both offer significant therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. MSCs have the ability to self-renew differentiate; giving rise multiple cellular tissue lineages that are utilised repair regeneration of damaged tissues. PBM utilises light energy delivered at a range wavelengths promote wound healing. The positive effects on MSC proliferation well documented; recently, several studies determined outcomes mineralised differentiation populations. As biphasic, it is important understand underlying regulatory mechanisms, as as, provide accurate details irradiation conditions, optimise standardise outcomes. This review article focuses use red, near-infra-red (R/NIR) blue mineralisation MSCs; also reports possible molecular mechanisms which underpin transduction these effects. A variety photon absorbers been identified reported mediate signalling including respiratory chain enzymes, flavins, cryptochromes. Studies report R/NIR stimulate by enhancing activity increasing reactive oxygen species levels; however, currently, there considerable variations between parameters reported. We conclude due its non-invasive properties, may, following optimisation, an efficient approach clinically support MSC-mediated hard repair. However, application, further required identify appropriate delivery parameters, elucidate photo-signalling involved.